Tantalum airbridges for scalable superconducting quantum processors

  1. Kunliang Bu,
  2. Sainan Huai,
  3. Zhenxing Zhang,
  4. Dengfeng Li,
  5. Yuan Li,
  6. Jingjing Hu,
  7. Xiaopei Yang,
  8. Maochun Dai,
  9. Tianqi Cai,
  10. Yi-Cong Zheng,
  11. and Shengyu Zhang
The unique property of tantalum (Ta), particularly its long coherent lifetime in superconducting qubits and its exceptional resistance to both acid and alkali, makes it promising for
superconducting quantum processors. It is a notable advantage to achieve high-performance quantum processors with neat and unified fabrication of all circuit elements, including coplanar waveguides (CPW), qubits, and airbridges, on the tantalum film-based platform. Here, we propose a reliable tantalum airbridges with separate or fully-capped structure fabricated via a novel lift-off method, where a barrier layer with aluminium (Al) film is first introduced to separate two layers of photoresist and then etched away before the deposition of tantalum film, followed by cleaning with piranha solution to remove the residual photoresist on the chip. We characterize such tantalum airbridges as the control line jumpers, the ground plane crossovers and even coupling elements. They exhibit excellent connectivity, minimal capacitive loss, effectively suppress microwave and flux crosstalk and offer high freedom of coupling. Besides, by presenting a surface-13 tunable coupling superconducting quantum processor with median T1 reaching above 100 μs, the overall adaptability of tantalum airbridges is verified. The median single-qubit gate fidelity shows a tiny decrease from about 99.95% for the isolated Randomized Benchmarking to 99.94% for the simultaneous one. This fabrication method, compatible with all known superconducting materials, requires mild conditions of film deposition compared with the commonly used etching and grayscale lithography. Meanwhile, the experimental achievement of non-local coupling with controlled-Z (CZ) gate fidelity exceeding 99.2% may further facilitate qLDPC codes, laying a foundation for scalable quantum computation and quantum error correction with entirely tantalum elements.

Suppressing ZZ Crosstalk of Quantum Computers through Pulse and Scheduling Co-Optimization

  1. Lei Xie,
  2. Jidong Zhai,
  3. Zhenxing Zhang,
  4. Jonathan Allcock,
  5. Shengyu Zhang,
  6. and Yi-Cong Zheng
Noise is a significant obstacle to quantum computing, and ZZ crosstalk is one of the most destructive types of noise affecting superconducting qubits. Previous approaches to suppressing
ZZ crosstalk have mainly relied on specific chip design that can complicate chip fabrication and aggravate decoherence. To some extent, special chip design can be avoided by relying on pulse optimization to suppress ZZ crosstalk. However, existing approaches are non-scalable, as their required time and memory grow exponentially with the number of qubits involved. To address the above problems, we propose a scalable approach by co-optimizing pulses and scheduling. We optimize pulses to offer an ability to suppress ZZ crosstalk surrounding a gate, and then design scheduling strategies to exploit this ability and achieve suppression across the whole circuit. A main advantage of such co-optimization is that it does not require special hardware support. Besides, we implement our approach as a general framework that is compatible with different pulse optimization methods. We have conducted extensive evaluations by simulation and on a real quantum computer. Simulation results show that our proposal can improve the fidelity of quantum computing on 4∼12 qubits by up to 81× (11× on average). Ramsey experiments on a real quantum computer also demonstrate that our method can eliminate the effect of ZZ crosstalk to a great extent.

Shortcuts to Adiabaticity for Open Systems in Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics

  1. Zelong Yin,
  2. Chunzhen Li,
  3. Zhenxing Zhang,
  4. Yicong Zheng,
  5. Xiu Gu,
  6. Maochun Dai,
  7. Jonathan Allcock,
  8. Shengyu Zhang,
  9. and Shuoming An
Shortcuts to adiabaticity (STA) are powerful quantum control methods, allowing quick evolution into target states of otherwise slow adiabatic dynamics. Such methods have widespread
applications in quantum technologies, and various STA protocols have been demonstrated in closed systems. However, realizing STA for open quantum systems has presented a greater challenge, due to complex controls required in existing proposals. Here we present the first experimental demonstration of STA for open quantum systems, using a superconducting circuit QED system consisting of two coupled bosonic oscillators and a transmon qubit. By applying a counterdiabatic driving pulse, we reduce the adiabatic evolution time of a single lossy mode from 800 ns to 100 ns. In addition, we propose and implement an optimal control protocol to achieve fast and qubit-unconditional equilibrium of multiple lossy modes. Our results pave the way for accelerating dynamics of open quantum systems and have potential applications in designing fast open-system protocols of physical and interdisciplinary interest, such as accelerating bioengineering and chemical reaction dynamics.

Rapid and Unconditional Parametric Reset Protocol for Tunable Superconducting Qubits

  1. Yu Zhou,
  2. Zhenxing Zhang,
  3. Zelong Yin,
  4. Sainan Huai,
  5. Xiu Gu,
  6. Xiong Xu,
  7. Jonathan Allcock,
  8. Fuming Liu,
  9. Guanglei Xi,
  10. Qiaonian Yu,
  11. Hualiang Zhang,
  12. Mengyu Zhang,
  13. Hekang Li,
  14. Xiaohui Song,
  15. Zhan Wang,
  16. Dongning Zheng,
  17. Shuoming An,
  18. Yarui Zheng,
  19. and Shengyu Zhang
Qubit initialization is critical for many quantum algorithms and error correction schemes, and extensive efforts have been made to achieve this with high speed and efficiency. Here
we experimentally demonstrate a fast and high fidelity reset scheme for tunable superconducting qubits. A rapid decay channel is constructed by modulating the flux through a transmon qubit and realizing a swap between the qubit and its readout resonator. The residual excited population can be suppressed to 0.08% ± 0.08% within 34 ns, and the scheme requires no additional chip architecture, projective measurements, or feedback loops. In addition, the scheme has negligible effects on neighboring qubits, and is therefore suitable for large-scale multi-qubit systems. Our method also offers a way of entangling the qubit state with an itinerant single photon, particularly useful in quantum communication and quantum network applications.

Experimental realization of nonadiabatic geometric gates with a superconducting Xmon qubit

  1. P. Z. Zhao,
  2. Zhangjingzi Dong,
  3. Zhenxing Zhang,
  4. Guoping Guo,
  5. D.M. Tong,
  6. and Yi Yin
Geometric phases are only dependent on evolution paths but independent of evolution details so that they own some intrinsic noise-resilience features. Based on different geometric phases,
various quantum gates have been proposed, such as nonadiabatic geometric gates based on nonadiabatic Abelian geometric phases and nonadiabatic holonomic gates based on nonadiabatic non-Abelian geometric phases. Up to now, nonadiabatic holonomic one-qubit gates have been experimentally demonstrated with the supercondunting transmon, where three lowest levels with cascaded configuration are all applied in the operation. However, the second excited states of transmons have relatively short coherence time, which results in a lessened fidelity of quantum gates. Here, we experimentally realize Abelian-geometric-phase-based nonadiabatic geometric one-qubit gates with a superconducting Xmon qubit. The realization is performed on two lowest levels of an Xmon qubit and thus avoids the influence from the short coherence time of the second excited state. The experimental result indicates that the average fidelities of single-qubit gates can be up to 99.6% and 99.7% characterized by quantum process tomography and randomized benchmarking, respectively.

Single-shot realization of nonadiabatic holonomic gates with a superconducting Xmon qutrit

  1. Zhenxing Zhang,
  2. P. Z. Zhao,
  3. Tenghui Wang,
  4. Liang Xiang,
  5. Zhilong Jia,
  6. Peng Duan,
  7. D.M. Tong,
  8. Yi Yin,
  9. and Guoping Guo
Nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation has received increasing attention due to its robustness against control errors as well as high-speed realization. The original protocol of
nonadiabatic holonomic one-qubit gates has been experimentally demonstrated with superconducting transmon qutrit. However, the original protocol requires two noncommuting gates to realize an arbitrary one-qubit gate, which doubles the exposure time of gates to error sources and therefore makes the gates vulnerable to environment-induced decoherence. Single-shot protocol was subsequently proposed to realize an arbitrary one-qubit nonadiabatic holonomic gate. In this paper, we experimentally realize the single-shot protocol of nonadiabatic holonomic single qubit gates with a superconducting Xmon qutrit, where all the Clifford element gates are realized by a single-shot implementation. Characterized by quantum process tomography and randomized benchmarking, the single-shot gates reach a fidelity larger than 99%.

Experimental demonstration of work fluctuations along a shortcut to adiabaticity with a superconducting Xmon qubit

  1. Zhenxing Zhang,
  2. Tenghui Wang,
  3. Liang Xiang,
  4. Zhilong Jia,
  5. Peng Duan,
  6. Weizhou Cai,
  7. Ze Zhan,
  8. Zhiwen Zong,
  9. Jianlan Wu,
  10. Luyan Sun,
  11. Yi Yin,
  12. and Guoping Guo
In a `shortcut-to-adiabaticity‘ (STA) protocol, the counter-diabatic Hamiltonian, which suppresses the non-adiabatic transition of a reference `adiabatic‘ trajectory, induces
a quantum uncertainty of the work cost in the framework of quantum thermodynamics. Following a theory derived recently [Funo et al 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 100602], we perform an experimental measurement of the STA work statistics in a high-quality superconducting Xmon qubit. Through the frozen-Hamiltonian and frozen-population techniques, we experimentally realize the two-point measurement of the work distribution for given initial eigenstates. Our experimental statistics verify (i) the conservation of the average STA work and (ii) the equality between the STA excess of work fluctuations and the quantum geometric tensor.

Simulating a Topological Transition in a Superconducting Phase Qubit by Fast Adiabatic Trajectories

  1. Tenghui Wang,
  2. Zhenxing Zhang,
  3. Liang Xiang,
  4. Zhihao Gong,
  5. Jianlan Wu,
  6. and Yi Yin
The significance of topological phases has been widely recognized in the community of condensed matter physics. The well controllable quantum systems provide an artificial platform
to probe and engineer various topological phases. The adiabatic trajectory of a quantum state describes the change of the bulk Bloch eigenstates with the momentum, and this adiabatic simulation method is however practically limited due to quantum dissipation. Here we apply the `shortcut to adiabaticity‘ (STA) protocol to realize fast adiabatic evolutions in the system of a superconducting phase qubit. The resulting fast adiabatic trajectories illustrate the change of the bulk Bloch eigenstates in the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) model. A sharp transition is experimentally determined for the topological invariant of a winding number. Our experiment helps identify the topological Chern number of a two-dimensional toy model, suggesting the applicability of the fast adiabatic simulation method for topological systems.

Measuring the Berry Phase in a Superconducting Phase Qubit by a Shortcut to Adiabaticity

  1. Zhenxing Zhang,
  2. Tenghui Wang,
  3. Liang Xiang,
  4. Jiadong Yao,
  5. Jianlan Wu,
  6. and Yi Yin
With a counter-diabatic field supplemented to the reference control field, the `shortcut to adiabaticiy‘ (STA) protocol is implemented in a superconducting phase qubit. The Berry
phase measured in a short time scale is in good agreement with the theoretical result acquired from an adiabatic loop. The trajectory of a qubit vector is extracted, verifying the Berry phase alternatively by the integrated solid angle. The classical noise is introduced to the amplitude or phase of the total control field. In the statistics of the Berry phase, the mean with either noise is almost equal to that without noise, while the variation with the amplitude noise can be described by an analytical expression.