Breaking the scalability barrier via a vertical tunable coupler in 3D integrated transmon system

  1. Xudong Liao,
  2. Shuyi Pan,
  3. Zhenxing Zhang,
  4. Sainan Huai,
  5. Zhiwen Zong,
  6. Xiaopei Yang,
  7. Kunliang Bu,
  8. Wen Zheng,
  9. Xinsheng Tan,
  10. Yang Yu,
  11. Yuan Li,
  12. Yi-Cong Zheng,
  13. Tianqi Cai,
  14. and Shengyu Zhang
Scaling superconducting quantum processors beyond the constraints of monolithic planar architectures is essential for fault-tolerant quantum computation. Here we demonstrate a three-dimensional
(3D) integrated superconducting quantum processor in which two qubit chips are vertically stacked on opposing sides of a carrier chip and galvanically connected via multilayer flip-chip bonding. Intrachip qubit coupling is mediated by planar tunable couplers, whereas interchip coupling is enabled by vertical tunable couplers embedded in the carrier chip. Randomized benchmarking reveals simultaneous single-qubit gate fidelities of 99.87 % with negligible crosstalk, and controlled-Z gates achieve an average fidelity of 97.5 % for both intrachip and interchip operations. We further demonstrate high-fidelity Bell-state preparation and coherent generation of a four-qubit W state, confirming the architecture’s capability for interchip entanglement distribution. These results establish vertical coupling as a promising pathway toward scalable quantum processors compatible with advanced quantum error-correcting codes.

Tunable Hybrid-Mode Coupler Enabling Strong Interactions between Transmons at Centimeter-Scale Distance

  1. Jianwen Xu,
  2. Xiang Deng,
  3. Wen Zheng,
  4. Wenchang Yan,
  5. Tao Zhang,
  6. Zhenchuan Zhang,
  7. Wanli Huang,
  8. Xiaoyu Xia,
  9. Xudong Liao,
  10. Yu Zhang,
  11. Jie Zhao,
  12. Shaoxiong Li,
  13. Xinsheng Tan,
  14. Dong Lan,
  15. and Yang Yu
The transmon, a fabrication-friendly superconducting qubit, remains a leading candidate for scalable quantum computing. Recent advances in tunable couplers have accelerated progress
toward high-performance quantum processors. However, extending coherent interactions beyond millimeter scales to enhance quantum connectivity presents a critical challenge. Here, we introduce a hybrid-mode coupler exploiting resonator-transmon hybridization to simultaneously engineer the two lowest-frequency mode, enabling high-contrast coupling between centimeter-scale transmons. For a 1-cm coupler, our framework predicts flux-tunable XX and ZZ coupling strengths reaching 23 MHz and 100 MHz, with modulation contrasts exceeding 102 and 104, respectively, demonstrating quantitative agreement with an effective two-channel model. This work provides an efficient pathway to mitigate the inherent connectivity constraints imposed by short-range interactions, enabling transmon-based architectures compatible with hardware-efficient quantum tasks.

Broadband merged-element Josephson parametric amplifier

  1. Yuting Sun,
  2. Xianke Li,
  3. Qingyu Wang,
  4. Tairong Bai,
  5. Xudong Liao,
  6. Dong Lan,
  7. Jie Zhao,
  8. and Yang Yu
Broadband quantum-limited amplifiers are essential for quantum information processing, yet challenges in design and fabrication continue to hinder their widespread applications. Here,
we introduce the broadband merged-element Josephson parametric amplifier in which the discrete parallel capacitor is directly integrated with the Josephson junctions. This merged-element design eliminates the shortcomings of discrete capacitors, simplifying the fabrication process, reducing the need for high-precision lithography tools, and ensuring compatibility with standard superconducting qubit fabrication procedures. Experimental results demonstrate a gain of 15 dB over a 500 MHz bandwidth, a mean saturation power of -116 dBm and near-quantum-limited noise performance. This robust readily implemented parametric amplifier holds significant promise for broader applications in superconducting quantum information and the advancement of quantum computation.