Radiatively-cooled quantum microwave amplifiers

  1. Mingrui Xu,
  2. Yufeng Wu,
  3. Wei Dai,
  4. and Hong X. Tang
Superconducting microwave amplifiers are essential for sensitive signal readout in superconducting quantum processors. Typically based on Josephson Junctions, these amplifiers require
operation at milli-Kelvin temperatures to achieve quantum-limited performance. Here we demonstrate a quantum microwave amplifier that employs radiative cooling to operate at elevated temperatures. This kinetic-inductance-based parametric amplifier, patterned from a single layer of high-Tc NbN thin film\cmt{in the form of a nanobridge}, maintains a high gain and meanwhile enables low added noise of 1.3 quanta when operated at 1.5 Kelvin. Remarkably, this represents only a 0.2 quanta increase compared to the performance at a base temperature of 0.1 Kelvin. By uplifting the parametric amplifiers from the mixing chamber without compromising readout efficiency, this work represents an important step for realizing scalable microwave quantum technologies.

Magnetic field-resilient quantum-limited parametric amplifier

  1. Mingrui Xu,
  2. Risheng Cheng,
  3. Yufeng Wu,
  4. Gangqiang Liu,
  5. and Hong X. Tang
Superconducting parametric amplifiers are crucial components in microwave quantum circuits for enabling quantum-limited signal readout. The best-performing such amplifiers are often
based on Josephson junctions, which however are sensitive to magnetic fields. Therefore, they require magnetic shields and are not easily integratable with other quantum systems that operates within magnetic fields, such as spin ensemble quantum memories. To tackle this challenge, we have developed a kinetic inductance-based parametric amplifier featuring a NbN nanobridge instead of Josephson Junctions, which provides the desired nonlinearity for a strong parametric gain up to 42 dB. The added noise of this nanobridge kinetic-inductance parametric amplifier (hereby referred as NKPA) is calibrated and found to be 0.59±0.03 quanta for phase-preserving amplification, approaching the quantum limit of 0.5 quanta. Most importantly, we show that such excellent noise performance is preserved in an in-plane magnetic field up to 427 mT, the maximum field available in our experiment. This magnetic field-resilient parametric amplifier presents an opportunity towards addressing single electron-spin resonance and more efficient search for Axions as well as Majorana Fermions.

10-GHz superconducting cavity piezo-optomechanics for microwave-optical photon conversion

  1. Xu Han,
  2. Wei Fu,
  3. Changchun Zhong,
  4. Chang-Ling Zou,
  5. Yuntao Xu,
  6. Ayed Al Sayem,
  7. Mingrui Xu,
  8. Sihao Wang,
  9. Risheng Cheng,
  10. Liang Jiang,
  11. and Hong X. Tang
Coherent photon conversion between microwave and optics holds promise for the realization of distributed quantum networks, in particular, the architecture that incorporates superconducting
quantum processors with optical telecommunication channels. High-frequency gigahertz piezo-mechanics featuring low thermal excitations offers an ideal platform to mediate microwave-optical coupling. However, integrating nanophotonic and superconducting circuits at cryogenic temperatures to simultaneously achieve strong photon-phonon interactions remains a tremendous challenge. Here, we report the first demonstration of an integrated superconducting cavity piezo-optomechanical converter where 10-GHz phonons are resonantly coupled with photons in a superconducting microwave and a nanophotonic cavities at the same time. Benefited from the cavity-enhanced interactions, efficient bidirectional microwave-optical photon conversion is realized with an on-chip efficiency of 0.07% and an internal efficiency of 5.8%. The demonstrated superconducting piezo-optomechanical interface makes a substantial step towards quantum communication at large scale, as well as novel explorations in hybrid quantum systems such as microwave-optical photon entanglement and quantum sensing.

Magnon-photon strong coupling for tunable microwave circulators

  1. Na Zhu,
  2. Xu Han,
  3. Chang-Ling Zou,
  4. Mingrui Xu,
  5. and Hong X. Tang
We present a generic theoretical framework to describe non-reciprocal microwave circulation in a multimode cavity magnonic system and assess the optimal performance of practical circulatordevices. We show that high isolation (> 56 dB), extremely low insertion loss (< 0.05 dB), and flexible bandwidth control can be potentially realized in high-quality-factor superconducting cavity based magnonic platforms. These circulation characteristics are analyzed with materials of different spin densities. For high-spin-density materials such as yttrium iron garnet, strong coupling operation regime can be harnessed to obtain a broader circulation bandwidth. We also provide practical design principles for a highly integratible low-spin-density material (vanadium tetracyanoethylene) for narrow-band circulator operation, which could benefit noise-sensitive quantum microwave measurements. This theory can be extended to other coupled systems and provide design guidelines for achieving tunable microwave non-reciprocity for both classical and quantum applications.[/expand]

Radiative cooling of a superconducting resonator

  1. Mingrui Xu,
  2. Xu Han,
  3. Chang-Ling Zou,
  4. Wei Fu,
  5. Yuntao Xu,
  6. Changchun Zhong,
  7. Liang Jiang,
  8. and Hong X. Tang
Cooling microwave resonators to near the quantum ground state, crucial for their operation in the quantum regime, is typically achieved by direct device refrigeration to a few tens
of millikelvin. However, in quantum experiments that require high operation power such as microwave-to-optics quantum transduction, it is desirable to operate at higher temperatures with non-negligible environmental thermal excitations, where larger cooling power is available. In this Letter, we present a radiative cooling protocol to prepare a superconducting microwave mode near its quantum ground state in spite of warm environment temperatures for the resonator. In this proof-of-concept experiment, the mode occupancy of a 10-GHz superconducting resonator thermally anchored at 1.02~K is reduced to 0.44±0.05 by radiatively coupling to a 70-mK cold load. This radiative cooling scheme allows high-operation-power microwave experiments to work in the quantum regime, and opens possibilities for routing microwave quantum states to elevated temperatures.

Quantum Microwave Radiometry with a Superconducting Qubit

  1. Zhixin Wang,
  2. Mingrui Xu,
  3. Xu Han,
  4. Wei Fu,
  5. Shruti Puri,
  6. S. M. Girvin,
  7. Hong X. Tang,
  8. S. Shankar,
  9. and M. H. Devoret
The interaction of photons and coherent quantum systems can be employed to detect electromagnetic radiation with remarkable sensitivity. We introduce a quantum radiometer based on the
photon-induced-dephasing process of a superconducting qubit for sensing microwave radiation at the sub-unit-photon level. Using this radiometer, we demonstrated the radiative cooling of a 1-K microwave resonator and measured its mode temperature with an uncertainty ~0.01 K. We have thus developed a precise tool for studying the thermodynamics of quantum microwave circuits, which provides new solutions for calibrating hybrid quantum systems and detecting candidate particles for dark matter.