Transmon qubits experience open system effects that manifest as noise at a broad range of frequencies. We present a model of these effects using the Redfield master equation with ahybrid bath consisting of low and high-frequency components. We use two-level fluctuators to simulate 1/f-like noise behavior, which is a dominant source of decoherence for superconducting qubits. By measuring quantum state fidelity under free evolution with and without dynamical decoupling (DD), we can fit the low- and high-frequency noise parameters in our model. We train and test our model using experiments on quantum devices available through IBM quantum experience. Our model accurately predicts the fidelity decay of random initial states, including the effect of DD pulse sequences. We compare our model with two simpler models and confirm the importance of including both high-frequency and 1/f noise in order to accurately predict transmon behavior.
Dynamical Decoupling (DD) is perhaps the simplest and least resource-intensive error suppression strategy for improving quantum computer performance. Here we report on a large-scalesurvey of the performance of 60 different DD sequences from 10 families, including basic as well as advanced sequences with high order error cancellation properties and built-in robustness. The survey is performed using three different superconducting-qubit IBMQ devices, with the goal of assessing the relative performance of the different sequences in the setting of arbitrary quantum state preservation. We find that the high-order universally robust (UR) and quadratic DD (QDD) sequences generally outperform all other sequences across devices and pulse interval settings. Surprisingly, we find that DD performance for basic sequences such as CPMG and XY4 can be made to nearly match that of UR and QDD by optimizing the pulse interval, with the optimal interval being substantially larger than the minimum interval possible on each device.
Spin chains have long been considered an effective medium for long-range interactions, entanglement generation, and quantum state transfer. In this work, we explore the properties ofa spin chain implemented with superconducting flux circuits, designed to act as a connectivity medium between two superconducting qubits. The susceptibility of the chain is probed and shown to support long-range, cross chain correlations. In addition, interactions between the two end qubits, mediated by the coupler chain, are demonstrated. This work has direct applicability in near term quantum annealing processors as a means of generating long-range, coherent coupling between qubits.
Currently available superconducting quantum processors with interconnected transmon qubits are noisy and prone to various errors. The errors can be attributed to sources such as openquantum system effects and spurious inter-qubit couplings (crosstalk). The ZZ-coupling between qubits in fixed frequency transmon architectures is always present and contributes to both coherent and incoherent crosstalk errors. Its suppression is therefore a key step towards enhancing the fidelity of quantum computation using transmons. Here we propose the use of dynamical decoupling to suppress the crosstalk, and demonstrate the success of this scheme through experiments performed on several IBM quantum cloud processors. We perform open quantum system simulations of the multi-qubit processors and find good agreement with all the experimental results. We analyze the performance of the protocol based on a simple analytical model and elucidate the importance of the qubit drive frequency in interpreting the results. In particular, we demonstrate that the XY4 dynamical decoupling sequence loses its universality if the drive frequency is not much larger than the system-bath coupling strength. Our work demonstrates that dynamical decoupling is an effective and practical way to suppress crosstalk and open system effects, thus paving the way towards high-fidelity logic gates in transmon-based quantum computers.
We present a new quantum adiabatic theorem that allows one to rigorously bound the adiabatic timescale for a variety of systems, including those described by unbounded Hamiltonians.Our bound is geared towards the qubit approximation of superconducting circuits, and presents a sufficient condition for remaining within the 2n-dimensional qubit subspace of a circuit model of n qubits. The novelty of this adiabatic theorem is that unlike previous rigorous results, it does not contain 2n as a factor in the adiabatic timescale, and it allows one to obtain an expression for the adiabatic timescale independent of the cutoff of the infinite-dimensional Hilbert space of the circuit Hamiltonian. As an application, we present an explicit dependence of this timescale on circuit parameters for a superconducting flux qubit, and demonstrate that leakage out of the qubit subspace is inevitable as the tunneling barrier is raised towards the end of a quantum anneal. We also discuss a method of obtaining a 2n×2n effective Hamiltonian that best approximates the true dynamics induced by slowly changing circuit control parameters.
Quantum annealers require accurate control and optimized operation schemes to reduce noise levels, in order to eventually demonstrate a computational advantage over classical algorithms.We study a high coherence four-junction capacitively shunted flux qubit (CSFQ), using dispersive measurements to extract system parameters and model the device. We confirm the multi-level structure of the circuit model of our CSFQ by annealing it through small spectral gaps and observing quantum signatures of energy level crossings. Josephson junction asymmetry inherent to the device causes a deleterious nonlinear cross-talk when annealing the qubit. We implement a nonlinear annealing path to correct the asymmetry in-situ, resulting in a 50% improvement in the qubit performance. Our results demonstrate a low-level quantum control scheme which enhances the success probability of a quantum annealer.
In the quest to reboot computing, quantum annealing (QA) is an interesting candidate for a new capability. While it has not demonstrated an advantage over classical computing on a real-worldapplication, many important regions of the QA design space have yet to be explored. In IARPA’s Quantum Enhanced Optimization (QEO) program, we have opened some new lines of inquiry to get to the heart of QA, and are designing testbed superconducting circuits and conducting key experiments. In this paper, we discuss recent experimental progress related to one of the key design dimensions: qubit coherence. Using MIT Lincoln Laboratory’s qubit fabrication process and extending recent progress in flux qubits, we are implementing and measuring QA-capable flux qubits. Achieving high coherence in a QA context presents significant new engineering challenges. We report on techniques and preliminary measurement results addressing two of the challenges: crosstalk calibration and qubit readout. This groundwork enables exploration of other promising features and provides a path to understanding the physics and the viability of quantum annealing as a computing resource.
We argue that a complete description of quantum annealing (QA) implemented with continuous variables must take into account the non-adiabatic Aharonov-Anandan geometric phase that ariseswhen the system Hamiltonian changes during the anneal. We show that this geometric effect leads to the appearance of non-stoquastic terms in the effective quantum Ising Hamiltonians that are typically used to describe QA with flux-qubits. We explicitly demonstrate the effect of these geometric interactions when QA is performed with a system of one and two coupled flux-qubits. The realization of non-stoquastic Hamiltonians has important implications from a computational complexity perspective, since it is believed that in many cases QA with stoquastic Hamiltonians can be efficiently simulated via classical algorithms such as Quantum Monte Carlo. It is well-known that the direct implementation of non-stoquastic interactions with flux-qubits is particularly challenging. Our results suggest an alternative path for the implementation of non-stoquastic interactions via geometric phases that can be exploited for computational purposes.
We revisit the evidence for quantum annealing in the D-Wave One device (DW1) based on the study of random Ising instances. Using the probability distributions of finding the groundstates of such instances, previous work found agreement with both simulated quantum annealing (SQA) and a classical rotor model. Thus the DW1 ground state success probabilities are consistent with both models, and a different measure is needed to distinguish the data and the models. Here we consider measures that account for ground state degeneracy and the distributions of excited states, and present evidence that for these new measures neither SQA nor the classical rotor model correlate perfectly with the DW1 experiments. We thus provide evidence that SQA and the classical rotor model, both of which are classically efficient algorithms, do not satisfactorily explain all the DW1 data. A complete model for the DW1 remains an open problem. Using the same criteria we find that, on the other hand, SQA and the classical rotor model correlate closely with each other. To explain this we show that the rotor model can be derived as the semiclassical limit of the spin-coherent states path integral. We also find differences in which set of ground states is found by each method, though this feature is sensitive to calibration errors of the DW1 device and to simulation parameters.
Recently the question of whether the D-Wave processors exhibit large-scale quantum behavior or can be described by a classical model has attracted significant interest. In this workwe address this question by studying a 503 qubit D-Wave Two device as a „black box“, i.e., by studying its input-output behavior. We examine three candidate classical models and one quantum model, and compare their predictions to experiments we have performed on the device using groups of up to 40 qubits. The candidate classical models are simulated annealing, spin dynamics, a recently proposed hybrid O(2) rotor-Monte Carlo model, and three modified versions thereof. The quantum model is an adiabatic Markovian master equation derived in the weak coupling limit of an open quantum system. Our experiments realize an evolution from a transverse field to an Ising Hamiltonian, with a final-time degenerate ground state that splits into two types of states we call „isolated“ and „clustered“. We study the population ratio of the isolated and clustered states as a function of the overall energy scale of the Ising term, and the distance between the final state and the Gibbs state, and find that these are sensitive probes that distinguish the classical models from one another and from both the experimental data and the master equation. The classical models are all found to disagree with the data, while the master equation agrees with the experiment without fine-tuning, and predicts mixed state entanglement at intermediate evolution times. This suggests that an open system quantum dynamical description of the D-Wave device is well-justified even in the presence of relevant thermal excitations and fast single-qubit decoherence.