Quasiparticle poisoning bottlenecks superconducting qubits, limiting coherence and the scalability of quantum processors. In this work, we systematically investigate quasiparticle poisoningin superconducting qubits under three infrared (IR) shielding configurations, ranging from a dedicated multi-layer design to a simplified implementation. By measuring quasiparticle-induced parity switching, we demonstrate a suppression of the switching rate by over four orders of magnitude via the implementation of improved shielding. In the best configuration, the rate decreases over time following cooldown and reaches 0.069Hz on day 34, corresponding to an anticipated quasiparticle density per Cooper pair of 1.88×10−11. To our knowledge, this represents the lowest quasiparticle density reported in the literature to date. The remaining quasiparticle population is likely dominated by sporadic phonon bursts stemming from mechanical stress release in the on-chip films, as well as from the surrounding environment. The effective qubit temperature follows the phonon bath down to 17mK, enabling initialization errors of ∼0.01% for 3GHz qubits. These results demonstrate that proper IR shielding and thermalization are essential for suppressing quasiparticle poisoning and enabling high-coherence, scalable superconducting qubit systems.
Superconducting qubits have achieved exceptional gate fidelities, exceeding the error-correction threshold in recent years. One key ingredient of such improvement is the introductionof tunable couplers to control the qubit-to-qubit coupling through frequency tuning. Moving toward fault-tolerant quantum computation, increasing the number of physical qubits is another step toward effective error correction codes. Under a multiqubit architecture, flux control (Z) lines are crucial in tuning the frequency of the qubits and couplers. However, dense flux lines result in magnetic flux crosstalk, wherein magnetic flux applied to one element inadvertently affects neighboring qubits or couplers. This crosstalk obscures the idle frequency of the qubit when flux bias is applied, which degrades gate performance and calibration accuracy. In this study, we characterize flux crosstalk and suppress it in a multiqubit-coupler chip with multi-Z lines without adding additional readout for couplers. By quantifying the mutual flux-induced frequency shifts of qubits and couplers, we construct a cancellation matrix that enables precise compensation of non-local flux, demonstrating a substantial reduction in Z-line crosstalk from 56.5permilleto 0.13permille which is close to statistical error. Flux compensation corrects the CZ SWAP measurement, leading to a symmetric map with respect to flux bias. Compared with a crosstalk-free calculated CZ SWAP map, the measured map indicates that our approach provides a near-zero crosstalk for the coupler-transmon system. These results highlight the effectiveness of our approach in enhancing flux crosstalk-free control and supporting its potential for scaling superconducting quantum processors.
The superconducting qubit is one of the promising directions in realizing fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC), which requires many high-quality qubits. To achieve this, it is desirableto leverage modern semiconductor industry technology to ensure quality, uniformity, and reproducibility. However, conventional Josephson junction fabrication relies mainly on resist-assistant double-angle evaporation, posing integration challenges. Here, we demonstrate a lift-off-free qubit fabrication that integrates seamlessly with existing industrial technologies. This method employs a silicon oxide (SiO2) scaffold to define an etched window with a well-controlled size to form a Josephson junction. The SiO2, which has a large dielectric loss, is etched away in the final step using vapor HF leaving little residue. This Window junction (WJ) process mitigates the degradation of qubit quality during fabrication and allows clean removal of the scaffold. The WJ process is validated by inspection and Josephson junction measurement. The scaffold removal process is verified by measuring the quality factor of the resonators. Furthermore, compared to scaffolds fabricated by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), qubits made by WJ through physical vapor deposition (PVD) achieve relaxation time up to 57μs. Our results pave the way for a lift-off-free qubit fabrication process, designed to be compatible with modern foundry tools and capable of minimizing damage to the substrate and material surfaces.
Correlation between transmon and its composite Josephson junctions (JJ) plays an important role in designing new types of superconducting qubits based on quantum materials. It is desirableto have a type of device that not only allows exploration for use in quantum information processing but also probing intrinsic properties in the composite JJs. Here, we construct a flux-tunable 3D transmon-type superconducting quantum circuit made of graphene as a proof-of-concept prototype device. This 3D transmon-type device not only enables coupling to 3D cavities for microwave probes but also permits DC transport measurements on the same device, providing useful connections between transmon properties and critical currents associated with JJ’s properties. We have demonstrated how flux-modulation in cavity frequency and DC critical current can be correlated under the influence of Fraunhofer pattern of JJs in an asymmetric SQUID. The correlation analysis was further extended to link the flux-modulated transmon properties, such as flux-tunability in qubit and cavity frequencies, with SQUID symmetry analysis based on DC measurements. Our study paves the way towards integrating novel materials for exploration of new types of quantum devices for future technology while probing underlying physics in the composite materials.