Universal readout error mitigation scheme characterized on superconducting qubits

  1. Adrian Skasberg Aasen,
  2. Andras Di Giovanni,
  3. Hannes Rotzinger,
  4. Alexey V. Ustinov,
  5. and Martin Gärttner
Quantum technologies rely heavily on accurate control and reliable readout of quantum systems. Current experiments are limited by numerous sources of noise that can only be partially
captured by simple analytical models and additional characterization of the noise sources is required. We test the ability of readout error mitigation to correct realistic noise found in systems composed of quantum two-level objects (qubits). To probe the limit of such methods, we designed a universal readout error mitigation protocol based on quantum state tomography (QST), which estimates the density matrix of a quantum system, and quantum detector tomography (QDT), which characterizes the measurement procedure. By treating readout error mitigation in the context of state tomography the method becomes largely device-, architecture-, noise source-, and quantum state-independent. We implement this method on a superconducting qubit and benchmark the increase in reconstruction fidelity for QST. We characterize the performance of the method by varying important noise sources, such as suboptimal readout signal amplification, insufficient resonator photon population, off-resonant qubit drive, and effectively shortened T1 and T2 decay times. As a result, we identified noise sources for which readout error mitigation worked well, and observed decreases in readout infidelity by a factor of up to 30.

Random telegraph fluctuations in granular microwave resonators

  1. Maximilian Kristen,
  2. Jan Nicolas Voss,
  3. Micha Wildermuth,
  4. Hannes Rotzinger,
  5. and Alexey V. Ustinov
Microwave circuit electrodynamics of disordered superconductors is a very active research topic spawning a wide range of experiments and applications. For compact superconducting circuit
elements, the transition to an insulating state poses a limit to the maximum attainable kinetic inductance. It is therefore vital to study the fundamental noise properties of thin films close to this transition, particularly in situations where a good coherence and temporal stability is required. In this paper, we present measurements on superconducting granular aluminum microwave resonators with high normal state resistances, where the influence of the superconductor to insulator phase transition is visible. We trace fluctuations of the fundamental resonance frequency and observe, in addition to a 1/f noise pattern, a distinct excess noise, reminiscent of a random telegraph signal. The excess noise shows a strong dependency on the resistivity of the films as well as the sample temperature, but not on the applied microwave power.

Quantum emulation of the transient dynamics in the multistate Landau-Zener model

  1. Alexander Stehli,
  2. Jan David Brehm,
  3. Tim Wolz,
  4. Andre Schneider,
  5. Hannes Rotzinger,
  6. Martin Weides,
  7. and Alexey V. Ustinov
Quantum simulation is one of the most promising near term applications of quantum computing. Especially, systems with a large Hilbert space are hard to solve for classical computers
and thus ideal targets for a simulation with quantum hardware. In this work, we study experimentally the transient dynamics in the multistate Landau-Zener model as a function of the Landau-Zener velocity. The underlying Hamiltonian is emulated by superconducting quantum circuit, where a tunable transmon qubit is coupled to a bosonic mode ensemble comprising four lumped element microwave resonators. We investigate the model for different initial states: Due to our circuit design, we are not limited to merely exciting the qubit, but can also pump the harmonic modes via a dedicated drive line. Here, the nature of the transient dynamics depends on the average photon number in the excited resonator. The greater effective coupling strength between qubit and higher Fock states results in a quasi-adiabatic transition, where coherent quantum oscillations are suppressed without the introduction of additional loss channels. Our experiments pave the way for more complex simulations with qubits coupled to an engineered bosonic mode spectrum.

Enhancing the Coherence of Superconducting Quantum Bits with Electric Fields

  1. Jürgen Lisenfeld,
  2. Alexander Bilmes,
  3. and Alexey V. Ustinov
In the endeavour to make quantum computers a reality, integrated superconducting circuits have become a promising architecture. A major challenge of this approach is decoherence originating
from spurious atomic tunneling defects at the interfaces of qubit electrodes, which may resonantly absorb energy from the qubit’s oscillating electric field and reduce the qubit’s energy relaxation time T1. Here, we show that qubit coherence can be improved by tuning dominating defects away from the qubit resonance using an applied DC-electric field. We demonstrate a method that optimizes the applied field bias and enhances the average qubit T1 time by 23%. We also discuss how local gate electrodes can be implemented in superconducting quantum processors to enable simultaneous in-situ coherence optimization of individual qubits.

A quantum Szilard engine for two-level systems coupled to a qubit

  1. Martin Spiecker,
  2. Patrick Paluch,
  3. Niv Drucker,
  4. Shlomi Matityahu,
  5. Daria Gusenkova,
  6. Nicolas Gosling,
  7. Simon Günzler,
  8. Dennis Rieger,
  9. Ivan Takmakov,
  10. Francesco Valenti,
  11. Patrick Winkel,
  12. Richard Gebauer,
  13. Oliver Sander,
  14. Gianluigi Catelani,
  15. Alexander Shnirman,
  16. Alexey V. Ustinov,
  17. Wolfgang Wernsdorfer,
  18. Yonatan Cohen,
  19. and Ioan M. Pop
The innate complexity of solid state physics exposes superconducting quantum circuits to interactions with uncontrolled degrees of freedom degrading their coherence. By using a simple
stabilization sequence we show that a superconducting fluxonium qubit is coupled to a two-level system (TLS) environment of unknown origin, with a relatively long energy relaxation time exceeding 50ms. Implementing a quantum Szilard engine with an active feedback control loop allows us to decide whether the qubit heats or cools its TLS environment. The TLSs can be cooled down resulting in a four times lower qubit population, or they can be heated to manifest themselves as a negative temperature environment corresponding to a qubit population of ∼80%. We show that the TLSs and the qubit are each other’s dominant loss mechanism and that the qubit relaxation is independent of the TLS populations. Understanding and mitigating TLS environments is therefore not only crucial to improve qubit lifetimes but also to avoid non-Markovian qubit dynamics.

Slowing down light in a qubit metamaterial

  1. Jan David Brehm,
  2. Richard Gebauer,
  3. Alexander Stehli,
  4. Alexander N. Poddubny,
  5. Oliver Sander,
  6. Hannes Rotzinger,
  7. and Alexey V. Ustinov
The rapid progress in quantum information processing leads to a rising demand for devices to control the propagation of electromagnetic wave pulses and to ultimately realize a universal
and efficient quantum memory. While in recent years significant progress has been made to realize slow light and quantum memories with atoms at optical frequencies, superconducting circuits in the microwave domain still lack such devices. Here, we demonstrate slowing down electromagnetic waves in a superconducting metamaterial composed of eight qubits coupled to a common waveguide, forming a waveguide quantum electrodynamics system. We analyze two complementary approaches, one relying on dressed states of the Autler-Townes splitting, and the other based on a tailored dispersion profile using the qubits tunability. Our time-resolved experiments show reduced group velocities of down to a factor of about 1500 smaller than in vacuum. Depending on the method used, the speed of light can be controlled with an additional microwave tone or an effective qubit detuning. Our findings demonstrate high flexibility of superconducting circuits to realize custom band structures and open the door to microwave dispersion engineering in the quantum regime.

In-situ bandaged Josephson junctions for superconducting quantum processors

  1. Alexander Bilmes,
  2. Alexander K. Neumann,
  3. Serhii Volosheniuk,
  4. Alexey V. Ustinov,
  5. and Jürgen Lisenfeld
Shadow evaporation is commonly used to micro-fabricate the key element of superconducting qubits — the Josephson junction. However, in conventional two-angle deposition circuit
topology, unwanted stray Josephson junctions are created which contribute to dielectric loss. So far, this could be avoided by shorting the stray junctions with a so-called bandage layer deposited in an additional lithography step. Here, we present an improved shadow evaporation technique allowing one to deposit submicrometer-sized Josephson junctions together with bandage layers in a single lithography step. We also show that junction aging is signficantly reduced when junction electrodes and the bandage layers are oxidized in an oxygen atmosphere directly after deposition.

Quantum Sensors for Microscopic Tunneling Systems

  1. Alexander Bilmes,
  2. Serhii Volosheniuk,
  3. Jan D. Brehm,
  4. Alexey V. Ustinov,
  5. and Jürgen Lisenfeld
The anomalous low-temperature properties of glasses arise from intrinsic excitable entities, so-called tunneling Two-Level-Systems (TLS), whose microscopic nature has been baffling
solid-state physicists for decades. TLS have become particularly important for micro-fabricated quantum devices such as superconducting qubits, where they are a major source of decoherence. Here, we present a method to characterize individual TLS in virtually arbitrary materials deposited as thin-films. The material is used as the dielectric in a capacitor that shunts the Josephson junction of a superconducting qubit. In such a hybrid quantum system the qubit serves as an interface to detect and control individual TLS. We demonstrate spectroscopic measurements of TLS resonances, evaluate their coupling to applied strain and DC-electric fields, and find evidence of strong interaction between coherent TLS in the sample material. Our approach opens avenues for quantum material spectroscopy to investigate the structure of tunneling defects and to develop low-loss dielectrics that are urgently required for the advancement of superconducting quantum computers.

Quantum non-demolition dispersive readout of a superconducting artificial atom using large photon numbers

  1. Daria Gusenkova,
  2. Martin Spiecker,
  3. Richard Gebauer,
  4. Madita Willsch,
  5. Francesco Valenti,
  6. Nick Karcher,
  7. Lukas Grünhaupt,
  8. Ivan Takmakov,
  9. Patrick Winkel,
  10. Dennis Rieger,
  11. Alexey V. Ustinov,
  12. Nicolas Roch,
  13. Wolfgang Wernsdorfer,
  14. Kristel Michielsen,
  15. Oliver Sander,
  16. and Ioan M. Pop
Reading out the state of superconducting artificial atoms typically relies on dispersive coupling to a readout resonator. For a given system noise temperature, increasing the circulating
photon number n¯ in the resonator enables a shorter measurement time and is therefore expected to reduce readout errors caused by spontaneous atom transitions. However, increasing n¯ is generally observed to also increase these transition rates. Here we present a fluxonium artificial atom in which we measure an overall flat dependence of the transition rates between its first two states as a function of n¯, up to n¯≈200. Despite the fact that we observe the expected decrease of the dispersive shift with increasing readout power, the signal-to-noise ratio continuously improves with increasing n¯. Even without the use of a parametric amplifier, at n¯=74, we measure fidelities of 99% and 93% for feedback-assisted ground and excited state preparation, respectively.

Highly coherent superconducting qubits from a subtractive junction fabrication process

  1. Alexander Stehli,
  2. Jan David Brehm,
  3. Tim Wolz,
  4. Paul Baity,
  5. Sergey Danilin,
  6. Valentino Seferai,
  7. Hannes Rotzinger,
  8. Alexey V. Ustinov,
  9. and Martin Weides
Josephson tunnel junctions are the centerpiece of almost any superconducting electronic circuit, including qubits. Typically, the junctions for qubits are fabricated using shadow evaporation
techniques to reduce dielectric loss contributions from the superconducting film interfaces. In recent years, however, sub-micron scale overlap junctions have started to attract attention. Compared to shadow mask techniques, neither an angle dependent deposition nor free-standing bridges or overlaps are needed, which are significant limitations for wafer-scale processing. This comes at the cost of breaking the vacuum during fabrication, but simplifies integration in multi-layered circuits, implementation of vastly different junction sizes, and enables fabrication on a larger scale in an industrially-standardized process. In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of a subtractive process for fabrication of overlap junctions. We evaluate the coherence properties of the junctions by employing them in superconducting transmon qubits. In time domain experiments, we find that both, the qubit life- and coherence time of our best device, are on average greater than 20 μs. Finally, we discuss potential improvements to our technique. This work paves the way towards a more standardized process flow with advanced materials and growth processes, and constitutes an important step for large scale fabrication of superconducting quantum circuits.