DEC-QED: A flux-based 3D electrodynamic modeling approach to superconducting circuits and materials

  1. Dzung N. Pham,
  2. Wentao Fan,
  3. Michael G. Scheer,
  4. and Hakan E. Tureci
Modeling the behavior of superconducting electronic circuits containing Josephson junctions is crucial for the design of superconducting information processors and devices. In this
paper, we introduce DEC-QED, a computational approach for modeling the electrodynamics of superconducting electronic circuits containing Josephson junctions in arbitrary three-dimensional electromagnetic environments. DEC-QED captures the non-linear response and induced currents of BCS superconductors and accurately captures phenomena such as the Meissner effect, flux quantization and Josephson effects. Using a finite-element construction based on Discrete Exterior Calculus (DEC), DEC-QED can accurately simulate transient and long-time dynamics in superconductors. The expression of the entire electrodynamic problem in terms of the gauge-invariant flux field and charges makes the resulting classical field theory suitable for second quantization.

Radiative Properties of an Artificial Atom coupled to a Josephson Junction Array

  1. Kanu Sinha,
  2. Saeed A. Khan,
  3. Elif Cüce,
  4. and Hakan E. Türeci
We study the radiative properties — the Lamb shift, Purcell decay rate and the spontaneous emission dynamics — of an artificial atom coupled to a long, multimode cavity
formed by an array of Josephson junctions. Introducing a tunable coupling element between the atom and the array, we demonstrate that such a system can exhibit a crossover from a perturbative to non-perturbative regime of light-matter interaction as one strengthens the coupling between the atom and the Josephson junction array (JJA). As a consequence, the concept of spontaneous emission as the occupation of the local atomic site being governed by a single complex-valued exponent breaks down. This breakdown, we show, can be interpreted in terms of formation of hybrid atom-resonator modes with radiative losses that are non-trivially related to the effective coupling between individual modes. We develop a singular function expansion approach for the description of the open quantum system dynamics in such a multimode non-perturbative regime. This modal framework generalizes the normal mode description of quantum fields in a finite volume, incorporating exact radiative losses and incident quantum noise at the delimiting surface. Our results are pertinent to recent experiments with Josephson atoms coupled to high impedance Josephson junction arrays.

Lifetime renormalization of driven weakly anharmonic superconducting qubits: II. The readout problem

  1. Alexandru Petrescu,
  2. Moein Malekakhlagh,
  3. and Hakan E. Türeci
Recent experiments in superconducting qubit systems have shown an unexpectedly strong dependence of the qubit relaxation rate on the readout drive power. This phenomenon limits the
maximum measurement strength and thus the achievable readout speed and fidelity. We address this problem here and provide a plausible mechanism for drive-power dependence of relaxation rates. To this end we introduce a two-parameter perturbative expansion in qubit anharmonicity and the drive amplitude through a unitary transformation technique introduced in Part I. This approach naturally reveals number non-conserving terms in the Josephson potential as a fundamental mechanism through which applied microwave drives can activate additional relaxation mechanisms. We present our results in terms of an effective master equation with renormalized state- and drive-dependent transition frequency and relaxation rates. Comparison of numerical results from this effective master equation to those obtained from a Lindblad master equation which only includes number-conserving terms (i.e. Kerr interactions) shows that number non-conserving terms can lead to significant drive-power dependence of the relaxation rates. The systematic expansion technique introduced here is of general applicability to obtaining effective master equations for driven-dissipative quantum systems that contain weakly non-linear degrees of freedom.

Lifetime renormalization of weakly anharmonic superconducting qubits: I. Role of number non-conserving terms

  1. Moein Malekakhlagh,
  2. Alexandru Petrescu,
  3. and Hakan E. Türeci
An outstanding challenge in superconducting quantum computing is the determination of an accurate effective model for a particular experiment. In practice, the dynamics of a superconducting
qubit in a complex electromagnetic environment can be described by an effective multimode Kerr Hamiltonian at sufficiently weak excitation. This Hamiltonian can be embedded in a master equation with losses determined by the details of the electromagnetic environment. Recent experiments indicate, however, that when a superconducting circuit is driven with microwave signals the observed relaxation rates appear to be substantially different from expectations based on the electromagnetic environment of the qubit alone. This issue has been most notorious in the optimization of superconducting qubit readout schemes. We claim here that an effective master equation with drive-power dependent parameters is the most resource-efficient approach to model such quantum dynamics. In this sequence of papers we derive effective master equations whose parameters depend on the excitation level of the circuit and the electromagnetic environment of the qubit. We show that the number non-conserving terms in the qubit nonlinearity generally lead to a renormalization of dissipative parameters of the effective master equation, while the number-conserving terms give rise to a renormalization of the system frequencies. Here, in Part I, we consider the dynamics of a transmon qubit that is prepared in an initial state of a certain excitation level, but is not driven otherwise. For two different electromagnetic environments, an infinite waveguide and an open resonator, we show that the renormalized parameters display a strong dependence on the details of the electromagnetic environment of the qubit. The perturbation technique based on unitary transformations developed here is generalized to the continuously driven case in Part II.

Fluxon-Based Quantum Simulation in Circuit QED

  1. Alexandru Petrescu,
  2. Hakan E. Türeci,
  3. Alexey V. Ustinov,
  4. and Ioan M. Pop
Long-lived fluxon excitations can be trapped inside a superinductor ring, which is divided into an array of loops by a periodic sequence of Josephson junctions in the quantum regime,
thereby allowing fluxons to tunnel between neighboring sites. By tuning the Josephson couplings, and implicitly the fluxon tunneling probability amplitudes, a wide class of 1D tight-binding lattice models may be implemented and populated with a stable number of fluxons. We illustrate the use of this quantum simulation platform by discussing the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model in the 1-fluxon subspace, which hosts a symmetry protected topological phase with fractionally charged bound states at the edges. This pair of localized edge states could be used to implement a superconducting qubit increasingly decoupled from decoherence mechanisms.

Studying Light-Harvesting Models with Superconducting Circuits

  1. Anton Potočnik,
  2. Arno Bargerbos,
  3. Florian A. Y. N. Schröder,
  4. Saeed A. Khan,
  5. Michele C. Collodo,
  6. Simone Gasparinetti,
  7. Yves Salathé,
  8. Celestino Creatore,
  9. Christopher Eichler,
  10. Hakan E. Türeci,
  11. Alex W. Chin,
  12. and Andreas Wallraff
The process of photosynthesis, the main source of energy in the animate world, converts sunlight into chemical energy. The surprisingly high efficiency of this process is believed to
be enabled by an intricate interplay between the quantum nature of molecular structures in photosynthetic complexes and their interaction with the environment. Investigating these effects in biological samples is challenging due to their complex and disordered structure. Here we experimentally demonstrate a new approach for studying photosynthetic models based on superconducting quantum circuits. In particular, we demonstrate the unprecedented versatility and control of our method in an engineered three-site model of a pigment protein complex with realistic parameters scaled down in energy by a factor of 105. With this system we show that the excitation transport between quantum coherent sites disordered in energy can be enabled through the interaction with environmental noise. We also show that the efficiency of the process is maximized for structured noise resembling intramolecular phononic environments found in photosynthetic complexes.

Cutoff-free Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics

  1. Moein Malekakhlagh,
  2. Alexandru Petrescu,
  3. and Hakan E. Türeci
Any quantum-confined electronic system coupled to the electromagnetic continuum is subject to radiative decay and renormalization of its energy levels. When coupled to a cavity, these
quantities can be strongly modified with respect to their values in vacuum. Generally, this modification can be accurately captured by including only the closest resonant mode of the cavity. In the circuit quantum electrodynamics architecture, where the coupling strengths can be substantial, it is however found that the radiative decay rates are strongly influenced by far off-resonant modes. A multimode calculation accounting for the infinite set of cavity modes leads to divergences unless a cutoff is imposed. It has so far not been identified what the source of divergence is. We show here that unless gauge invariance is respected, any attempt at the calculation of circuit QED quantities is bound to diverge. We then present a theoretical approach to the calculation of a finite spontaneous emission rate and the Lamb shift that is free of cutoff.

Non-Markovian dynamics of a superconducting qubit in an open multimode resonator

  1. Moein Malekakhlagh,
  2. Alexandru Petrescu,
  3. and Hakan E. Türeci
We study the dynamics of a transmon qubit that is capacitively coupled to an open multimode superconducting resonator. Our effective equations are derived by eliminating resonator degrees
of freedom while encoding their effect in the Green’s function of the electromagnetic background. We account for the dissipation of the resonator exactly by employing a spectral representation for the Green’s function in terms of a set of non-Hermitian modes and show that it is possible to derive effective Heisenberg-Langevin equations without resorting to the rotating wave, two level or Markov approximations. A well-behaved time domain perturbation theory is derived to systematically account for the nonlinearity of the transmon. We apply this method to the problem of spontaneous emission, capturing accurately the non-Markovian features of the qubit dynamics, valid for any qubit-resonator coupling strength.

Origin and Implications of A2-like Contribution in the Quantization of Circuit-QED Systems

  1. Moein Malekakhlagh,
  2. and Hakan E. Tureci
By placing an atom into a cavity, the electromagnetic mode structure of the cavity is modified. In Cavity QED, one manifestation of this phenomenon is the appearance of a gauge-dependent
diamagnetic term, known as the A2 contribution. Although in atomic Cavity QED, the resulting modification in the eigenmodes is negligible, in recent superconducting circuit realizations, such corrections can be observable and may have qualitative implications. We revisit the canonical quantization procedure of a circuit QED system consisting of a single superconducting transmon qubit coupled to a multimode superconducting microwave resonator. A complete derivation of the quantum Hamiltonian of an open circuit QED system consisting of a transmon qubit coupled to a leaky transmission line cavity is presented. We introduce a complete set of modes that properly conserves the current in the entire structure and present a sum rule for the dipole transition matrix elements of a multi-level transmon qubit coupled to a multi-mode cavity. Finally, an effective multi-mode Rabi model is derived with coefficients that are given in terms of circuit parameters.

Beyond Strong Coupling in a Massively Multimode Cavity

  1. Neereja M. Sundaresan,
  2. Yanbing Liu,
  3. Darius Sadri,
  4. Laszlo J. Szocs,
  5. Devin L. Underwood,
  6. Moein Malekakhlagh,
  7. Hakan E. Tureci,
  8. and Andrew A. Houck
The study of light-matter interaction has seen a resurgence in recent years, stimulated by highly controllable, precise, and modular experiments in cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED).
The achievement of strong coupling, where the coupling between a single atom and fundamental cavity mode exceeds the decay rates, was a major milestone that opened the doors to a multitude of new investigations. Here we introduce multimode strong coupling (MMSC), where the coupling is comparable to the free spectral range (FSR) of the cavity, i.e. the rate at which a qubit can absorb a photon from the cavity is comparable to the round trip transit rate of a photon in the cavity. We realize, via the circuit QED architecture, the first experiment accessing the MMSC regime, and report remarkably widespread and structured resonance fluorescence, whose origin extends beyond cavity enhancement of sidebands. Our results capture complex multimode, multiphoton processes, and the emergence of ultranarrow linewidths. Beyond the novel phenomena presented here, MMSC opens a major new direction in the exploration of light-matter interactions.