Disentangling the sources of ionizing radiation in superconducting qubits

  1. L. Cardani,
  2. I. Colantoni,
  3. A. Cruciani,
  4. F. De Dominicis,
  5. G. D'Imperio,
  6. M. Laubenstein,
  7. A. Mariani,
  8. L. Pagnanini,
  9. S. Pirro,
  10. C. Tomei,
  11. N. Casali,
  12. F. Ferroni,
  13. D. Frolov,
  14. L. Gironi,
  15. A. Grassellino,
  16. M. Junker,
  17. C. Kopas,
  18. E. Lachman,
  19. C.R.H. McRae,
  20. J. Mutus,
  21. M. Nastasi,
  22. D. P. Pappas,
  23. R. Pilipenko,
  24. M. Sisti,
  25. V. Pettinacci,
  26. A. Romanenko,
  27. D. Van Zanten,
  28. M. Vignati,
  29. J. D. Withrow,
  30. and N. Z. Zhelev
Radioactivity was recently discovered as a source of decoherence and correlated errors for the real-world implementation of superconducting quantum processors. In this work, we measure
levels of radioactivity present in a typical laboratory environment (from muons, neutrons, and gamma’s emitted by naturally occurring radioactive isotopes) and in the most commonly used materials for the assembly and operation of state-of-the-art superconducting qubits. We develop a GEANT-4 based simulation to predict the rate of impacts and the amount of energy released in a qubit chip from each of the mentioned sources. We finally propose mitigation strategies for the operation of next-generation qubits in a radio-pure environment.

Cryogenic single-port calibration for superconducting microwave resonator measurements

  1. Haozhi Wang,
  2. S. Singh,
  3. C.R.H. McRae,
  4. J.C. Bardin,
  5. S.-X. Lin,
  6. N. Messaoudi,
  7. A.R. Castelli,
  8. Y. J. Rosen,
  9. E. T. Holland,
  10. D. P. Pappas,
  11. and J. Y. Mutus
Superconducting circuit testing and materials loss characterization requires robust and reliable methods for the extraction of internal and coupling quality factors of microwave resonators.
A common method, imposed by limitations on the device design or experimental configuration, is the single-port reflection geometry, i.e. reflection-mode. However, impedance mismatches in cryogenic systems must be accounted for through calibration of the measurement chain while it is at low temperatures. In this paper, we demonstrate a data-based, single-port calibration using commercial microwave standards and a vector network analyzer (VNA) with samples at millikelvin temperature in a dilution refrigerator, making this method useful for measurements of quantum phenomena. Finally, we cross reference our data-based, single-port calibration and reflection measurement with over-coupled 2D- and 3D-resonators against well established two-port techniques corroborating the validity of our method.

Dielectric loss in epitaxial Al/GaAs/Al trilayers for superconducting circuits

  1. C.R.H. McRae,
  2. A. McFadden,
  3. R. Zhao,
  4. H. Wang,
  5. J. L. Long,
  6. T. Zhao,
  7. S. Park,
  8. M. Bal,
  9. C.J. Palmstrøm,
  10. and D. P. Pappas
Epitaxially-grown superconductor/dielectric/superconductor trilayers have the potential to form high-performance superconducting quantum devices and may even allow scalable superconducting
quantum computing with low-surface-area qubits such as the merged-element transmon. In this work, we measure the power-independent loss and two-level-state (TLS) loss of epitaxial, wafer-bonded, and substrate-removed Al/GaAs/Al trilayers by measuring lumped element superconducting microwave resonators at millikelvin temperatures and down to single photon powers. The power-independent loss of the device is (4.8±0.1)×10−5 and resonator-induced intrinsic TLS loss is (6.4±0.2)×10−5. Dielectric loss extraction is used to determine a lower bound of the intrinsic TLS loss of the trilayer of 7.2×10−5. The unusually high power-independent loss is attributed to GaAs’s intrinsic piezoelectricity.

A merged-element transmon

  1. R. Zhao,
  2. S. Park,
  3. T. Zhao,
  4. M. Bal,
  5. C.R.H. McRae,
  6. J. Long,
  7. and D. P. Pappas
Transmon qubits are ubiquitous in the pursuit of quantum computing using superconducting circuits. However, they have some drawbacks that still need to be addressed. Most importantly,
the scalability of transmons is limited by the large device footprint needed to reduce the participation of the lossy capacitive parts of the circuit. In this work, we investigate and evaluate losses in a novel device geometry, namely, the merged-element transmon (mergemon). To this end, we replace the large external shunt capacitor of a traditional transmon with the intrinsic capacitance of a Josephson junction (JJ) and achieve an approximately 100 times reduction in qubit dimensions. We report the implementation of the mergemon using a sputtered Nb/amorphous Si (a-Si)/Nb trilayer film. In an experiment below 10 mK, the frequency of the readout resonator, capacitively coupled to the mergemon, exhibits a qubit-state dependent shift in the low power regime. The device also demonstrates the single- and multi-photon transitions that symbolize a weakly anharmonic system in the two-tone spectroscopy. The transition spectra are explained well with master-equation simulations. A participation ratio analysis identifies the dielectric loss of the a-Si tunnel barrier and its interfaces as the dominant source for qubit relaxation. We expect the mergemon to achieve high coherence in relatively small device dimensions when implemented using a low-loss, epitaxially-grown, and lattice-matched trilayer.

Dielectric loss extraction for superconducting microwave resonators

  1. C.R.H. McRae,
  2. R.E. Lake,
  3. J. L. Long,
  4. M. Bal,
  5. X. Wu,
  6. B. Jugdersuren,
  7. T.H. Metcalf,
  8. X. Liu,
  9. and D. P. Pappas
The investigation of two-level-state (TLS) loss in dielectric materials and interfaces remains at the forefront of materials research in superconducting quantum circuits. We demonstrate
a method of TLS loss extraction of a thin film dielectric by measuring a lumped element resonator fabricated from a superconductor-dielectric-superconductor trilayer. We extract the dielectric loss by formulating a circuit model for a lumped element resonator with TLS loss and then fitting to this model using measurements from a set of three resonator designs: a coplanar waveguide resonator, a lumped element resonator with an interdigitated capacitor, and a lumped element resonator with a parallel plate capacitor that includes the dielectric thin film of interest. Unlike other methods, this allows accurate measurement of materials with TLS loss lower than 10−6. We demonstrate this method by extracting a TLS loss of 1.02×10−3 for sputtered Al2O3 using a set of samples fabricated from an Al/Al2O3/Al trilayer. We observe a difference of 11% between extracted loss of the trilayer with and without the implementation of this method.

Mitigating coherent leakage of superconducting qubits in a large-scale quantum socket

  1. T.G. McConkey,
  2. J.H. Béjanin,
  3. C.T. Earnest,
  4. C.R.H. McRae,
  5. Z. Pagel,
  6. J.R. Rinehart,
  7. and M. Mariantoni
A practical quantum computer requires quantum bit (qubit) operations with low error rates in extensible architectures. We study a packaging method that makes it possible to address
hundreds of superconducting qubits by means of three-dimensional wires: The large-scale quantum socket. A qubit chip is housed in a superconducting box, where both box and chip dimensions lead to unwanted modes that can interfere with qubit operations. We theoretically analyze these interference effects in the context of qubit coherent leakage. We propose two methods to mitigate the resulting errors by detuning the resonance frequency of the modes from the qubit frequency. We perform detailed electromagnetic field simulations indicating that the resonance frequency of the modes increases with the number of installed three-dimensional wires and can be engineered to be significantly higher than the highest qubit frequency. Finally, we show preliminary experimental results towards the implementation of a large-scale quantum socket.

Thermocompression Bonding Technology for Multilayer Superconducting Quantum Circuits

  1. C.R.H. McRae,
  2. J.H. Béjanin,
  3. Z. Pagel,
  4. A. O. Abdallah,
  5. T.G. McConkey,
  6. C.T. Earnest,
  7. J.R. Rinehart,
  8. and M. Mariantoni
Extensible quantum computing architectures require a large array of quantum devices operating with low error rates. A quantum processor based on superconducting quantum bits can be
scaled up by stacking microchips that each perform different computational functions. In this article, we experimentally demonstrate a thermocompression bonding technology that utilizes indium films as a welding agent to attach pairs of lithographically-patterned chips. We perform chip-to-chip indium bonding in vacuum at 190∘C with indium film thicknesses of 150nm. We characterize the dc and microwave performance of bonded devices at room and cryogenic temperatures. At 10mK, we find a dc bond resistance of 515nΩmm2. Additionally, we show minimal microwave reflections and good transmission up to 6.8GHz in a tunnel-capped, bonded device as compared to a similar uncapped device. As a proof of concept, we fabricate and measure a set of tunnel-capped superconducting resonators, demonstrating that our bonding technology can be used in quantum computing applications.

The Quantum Socket: Three-Dimensional Wiring for Extensible Quantum Computing

  1. J.H. Béjanin,
  2. T.G. McConkey,
  3. J.R. Rinehart,
  4. C.T. Earnest,
  5. C.R.H. McRae,
  6. D. Shiri,
  7. J.D. Bateman,
  8. Y. Rohanizadegan,
  9. B. Penava,
  10. P. Breul,
  11. S. Royak,
  12. M. Zapatka,
  13. A. G. Fowler,
  14. and M. Mariantoni
Quantum computing architectures are on the verge of scalability, a key requirement for the implementation of a universal quantum computer. The next stage in this quest is the realization
of quantum error correction codes, which will mitigate the impact of faulty quantum information on a quantum computer. Architectures with ten or more quantum bits (qubits) have been realized using trapped ions and superconducting circuits. While these implementations are potentially scalable, true scalability will require systems engineering to combine quantum and classical hardware. One technology demanding imminent efforts is the realization of a suitable wiring method for the control and measurement of a large number of qubits. In this work, we introduce an interconnect solution for solid-state qubits: The quantum socket. The quantum socket fully exploits the third dimension to connect classical electronics to qubits with higher density and better performance than two-dimensional methods based on wire bonding. The quantum socket is based on spring-mounted micro wires the three-dimensional wires that push directly on a micro-fabricated chip, making electrical contact. A small wire cross section (~1 mmm), nearly non-magnetic components, and functionality at low temperatures make the quantum socket ideal to operate solid-state qubits. The wires have a coaxial geometry and operate over a frequency range from DC to 8 GHz, with a contact resistance of ~150 mohm, an impedance mismatch of ~10 ohm, and minimal crosstalk. As a proof of principle, we fabricated and used a quantum socket to measure superconducting resonators at a temperature of ~10 mK.